抓住出题点,搞定托福听力lecture（上海朗阁培训中心）
　　众所周知，托福听力是四科当中难搞定的，也是重要的。对于很多学生来说，托福听力的lecture又长又乏味，很难全部理解。即使很多同学在练了一段时间的听抄，基本能听懂文章的大意后，做题正确率还是不太理想。经常听到学生在那喃喃自语，“我已经听懂文章的大意了啊，为什么还是会错呢”，“听第二遍的时候一下子就听出来了啊”。 　　其实这个时候，同学们的听力水平已经没有问题了，问题在于抓不到文章的结构脉络，也就是说能听懂文章的大意，对于文章的细节很容易遗漏。下面，上海朗阁培训中心的专家将帮助考生们解析如何在听听力的时候预测出题点并且准确的抓住出题点，提高托福听力的正确率。
　　一、托福听力lecture出题点总结
　　根据考试规律和多年的教学经验，上海朗阁培训中心专家总结出托福听力讲座出题点一共有以下几个: 　　l 文章开头 　　l 转折&强调&语气变化处 　　l 因果关系 　　l 列举&举例 　　l 学生提问 　　其实很多老师都会告诉学生这些地方是重点，在听听力的时候，一旦听到这些一定要非常注意，可是有很多学生却抓不住这些点，即便他们知道这些方面是重点。首先我们先把这些点具体化，看在听力中这些点是如何表现出来的:
　　文章开头 　　文章的开头之所以要很认真的听，而且一定要听到是因为文章的开头关系到主旨大意题。托福听力文章的开头一般分为两个方面:一种是开门见山式，即文章一开头教授就会说”Today, we are going to talk about...”；一种是迂回式，即教授先说之前的课讲了什么，比如“Last class, we talked about…” 中间会讲很多内容，但是这些都是上节课的内容，教授在讲完后会说“But, today, we are going to talk about…” 这时才是这节课的主要内容。如何快速的进入听力状态，一是平常练习的时候，不管外界环境有多大的干扰，都要锻炼自己瞬间进入听力状态，文章的前两句话一定要听懂。那么，主旨大意题就可以直接搞定。
　　列举&举例 　　列举，即把事物或者特征或者例子一个个的举出来。在托福听力中的体现为对某个事物的特点的列举，或者对事物的几个方面的列举，或者几个不同的事物的列举。比如听力通常会出现first, second; on the one hand, on the other hand; first, then; some, others等。所以在听到这些提示词时，一定要认真听，而且要记下来。列举通常对应多选题，根据近年来托福听力的考试趋势，多选题出现频率越来越高，所以一定要重视听力中出现的列举。 　　举例，通常会出现一个不同于文章主旨大意的内容，这时一定要记住这个例子。举例对应功能题，所以在出现“for example”，“for instance”，“such as”，“like”等词时要注意例子的具体名称是什么，这样在听力题目中一旦出现例子至少不会觉得陌生，而且能够根据笔记快速回忆起对应的听力中的内容，准确答出题目。
　　转折&强调&语气变化处 　　转折即文章中出现转折的地方，常见的对应标志词有“however，but，while，yet”等。听力过程中可能会出现很多这种转折标志词，但并不是每个转折的地方都会出题，但是基本会有一道题目和转折相关，所以为了保险起见，上海朗阁培训中心建议同学们每一个转折点都认真听，然后记下来。 　　强调&语气变化处，相对于转折来说标志词没那么明显，所以在听力过程中很容易被忽略。强调的标志词有in fact，actually，really等。演讲者在讲这些词的时候一般都会放慢语速，所以强调和语气变化经常一起出现，因此同学们在听力时要特别注意。
　　因果关系 　　与转折一样，因果关系是听力中常见考点。主要的标志词有because，so，lead to，therefore等。因此这些地方也是大家听力时需要特别注意，记录的地方。
　　学生提问 　　学生提问的标志非常明显，所以大家在听到提问的时候比较好在草稿纸上做出标记，要记得这个地方有学生提出了问题。学生提问一般会考到两个方面:一是会考到重听题，会问学生的态度，比如学生说这句话是什么意思；而且会考老师给出的回答。所以要听清楚学生提出的问题以及学生说话的态度暗含的潜台词，同时又要听出老师的回答。
　　下面以托福TPO 1-Part 1-Lecture 1为例解释如何预测出题点。
　　Professor: 　　Ok, I’m going to begin this lecture by giving your next assignment. Remember I said that at some point during this semester I want you to attend an exhibit at the Fairy Street Gallery and then write about it? Well, the exhibit that I want you to attend is coming up. It’s already started in fact, but it’ll be at the gallery for the next month, which should give you plenty of time to complete this assignment.
　　The name of the artist exhibiting there is Rose Frantzen. Frantzen’s work may be unfamiliar to you since she’s a relatively young artist. But she’s got a very unusual style, compared to some of the artists we’ve looked at this term. But anyway, Frantzen’s style is what she herself calls Realistic Impressionism. So you’ve probably studied both of these movements separately, separate movements, Realism and Impressionism, in some of your art history courses. So who can just sum these up?
　　Student: 　　Well, Impressionism started in the late 19th century. Um … the basic impressionist style was very different from earlier styles. It didn’t depict scenes or models exactly as they looked. Um … Impressionist painters tended to apply paint really thickly, and in big brushstrokes, so the texture of the canvas was rough. 　　Professor: 　　Good. What else? What were the subjects? 　　Student: 　　Well, a lot of impressionist artists painted everyday scenes, like people on the streets and in cafes, uh, lots of nature scenes, especially landscapes.
　　Professor: 　　Good. So when you go to the exhibit, I really want you to take a close look at a certain painting. It’s a farm scene. And you will see it right as you enter the gallery. The reason I think this painting is so important is that it stresses the impressionist aspect of Frantzen’s style. It’s an outdoor scene, an everyday scene. It’s kind of bleak, but you can really see those broad brushstrokes and the blurry lines. The colors aren’t quite realistic. The sky is kind of, well an unnatural pinkish yellow. And the fence in the foreground is blue, but somehow the overall scene gives an impression of a cold, bleak winter day on a farm. So that’s the impressionist side of her work.
　　Oh, and speaking about farms, that reminds me. One interesting thing I read about Franzten is that when she first moved back to Iowa after living abroad, she often visited this place in her town called the Sales Barn. And the Sales Barn, it was basically this place where the local farmers bought and sold their cattle, their farm animals. And the reason Frantzen went there, and she later on would visit other places like dance halls, was to observe people and the ways that they moved. She really found that this helped her work—that it gave her an understanding of body movements and actions, how humans move, and stand still, what their postures were like, too. 　　So, what about Realism? What are the elements of Realism we should be looking for in Frantzen’s work? 　　Student: 　　Um … real honest depictions of subject matter, pretty unidealized stuff, and pretty everyday subject matter, too.
　　Professor: 　　Good. One other painting I really want you to look at is of a young woman surrounded by pumpkins. You will notice that the woman’s face is so realistic looking that it’s almost like a photograph. The woman’s nose is a little less than perfect and her hair is kind of messed up. This is realism. But then, the background of the painting, this woman with the pumpkins is wrapped in a blanket of broad thick brushstrokes, and, it’s all kinds of zigzagging brushstrokes and lines, kind of chaotic almost when you look at it close. And there are vibrant colors. There’s lots of orange, with little hints of an electric blue peeking out.
　　I find Frantzen to be a very accessible artist. I mean, some artists, to appreciate them, you have to know their life story. But here’s a little bit about Rose Frantzen’s life anyway. She attended art school, but was told by one of her instructors that she was not good at illustration, that she should go into advertising instead. So she took advertising classes and fine arts classes too, until she was convinced by the head of an advertising agency that her work was really good, that she could be an artist. But of course, it’s not as easy as that, and so Frantzen had to paint other people’s portraits at places like art fairs just to make money to buy paint for her more serious art work. No matter what, she never stopped painting. And now, Frantzen is doing extremely well. And her work is being shown all over the country. So I think most of us would be discouraged if we had to face challenges and difficulties like that. But what’s important is that you keep at it that you don’t give up. That’s what is really important to remember.
　　文中用红色部分标出的是我们之前总结的考点预测的地方，也就是需要特别注意听，特别注意记录的地方。下面我们看一下题目，看这些点是不是涵盖了所有的题目。
　　6. What is the purpose of the lecture? 　　l To explain the difference between two artistic styles 　　l To describe a new art gallery to the class 　　l To introduce an artist's work to the class 　　l To show how artists' styles can evolve over time 　　7. What does the professor say about Frantzen's painting of a farm scene? 　　l It resembles a photograph 　　l It may be Frantzen's best known painting 　　l It was painted in the Impressionist style 　　l It was painted while Frantzen lived abroad 　　8. Why did Frantzen go to the Sales Barn? 　　l To study human form and movement 　　l To earn money by painting portraits 　　l To paint farm animals in an outdoor setting 　　l To meet people who could model for her paining 　　9. What does the professor imply about the painting of the young woman surrounded by pumpkins? 　　l It was painted at an art fair 　　l It combines Impressionism with Realism 　　l It convinced Frantzen that she was a good illustrator 　　l It was originally meant to be used in an advertisement 　　10. Why does the professor discuss Frantzen's difficulties as a young painter? 　　l He wants to point out mistakes that young artists commonly make 　　l He thinks her example can inspire the students in their own lives 　　l Her difficulties remind him of the difficulties he himself experienced as a young girl 　　l Her difficulties are the subject of some of the paintings in the gallery that the students will visit 　　11. What does the professor imply when he says this? 　　l The students can understand Frantzen's art without knowing about her life 　　l The students should pay very close attention to what he is going to say 　　l Some of his students are already familiar with Frantzen's life story 　　l Some of his students may not appreciate Frantzen's work 　　文中阴影部分是正确答案出现的地方。可以从文中清楚的看到我们提前预测的出题点涵盖了所有的题目答案。因此同学们在复习的时候当听力基本功已经扎实的时候，可以从这个方面来提高正确率。