托福独立写作文章结构及论证方式（下） 　　北京朗阁培训中心 唐艳 　　在结构书写正确的情况下，论证就是我们接下来要关注的问题，解决这个问题的关键，我们首先要了解独立作文的问题类型。 　　1. 二选一题型 　　具体可以看下面呈现的题目: 　　Some students prefer to have their final grades determined by numerous small assignments, whereas others prefer to have their final grades determined by only a few large assignments. Which do you prefer and why? 　　2. 概念判断 　　(1) Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Teaching is harder than it was in the past. 　　(2) Workers would be much happier if they are doing different types of tasks during their workday than doing the same task. 　　(3) It is better that Universities and colleges are now offering qualifications through distance learning from the Internet rather than teachers in the classroom. 　　而论证方式的选择取决于题型分类，鉴于以上的考题，北京朗阁培训中心的专家给考生们进行了规整: 　　1. 实例论证并结合时间对比论证 　　Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Teaching is harder than it was in the past. 　　理由是题目中含有明确的现在is harder和过去的时间in the past。 　　2. 实例论证和不同对象对比论证的结合 　　Some students prefer to have their final grades determined by numerous small assignments, whereas others prefer to have their final grades determined by only a few large assignments. Which do you prefer and why? 　　Workers would be much happier if they are doing different types of tasks during their workday than doing the same task. 　　在这两个题目中，都存在两个不同的对象，让我们做出明确的态度。那么考生们在选择其中一个对象后，为了很好的论证，就要进行不同对象的对比论证。 　　为了很好的诠释上面的论证方式的区别，北京朗阁培训中心的专家将结合学生作文示范段落论证方式: 　　1. 实例论证并结合时间对比论证 　　大家注意一下标红的部分，作者分别从过去和现在论证了科技的发展对于老百姓生活质量的提高:购物的变化过去与现在的对比/人们的出行所发生的变化并对于人们生活质量的提高。（这个环节在批注里可以看到） 　　2. 实例论证和不同对象对比论证的结合 　　在这里，北京朗阁培训中心的专家给大家呈现一个2010年9月的综合写作机经上的一个阅读部分，同时也是上面一个题目的很理想的段落书写（It is better that Universities and colleges are now offering qualifications through distance learning from the Internet rather than teachers in the classroom.） 　　笔者认为这个段落是个很好的对比论证和实例论证: 　　online education also encourages cheating because the students are not closely monitored by the teacher. Students may have other people write their papers and use notes and books while taking a test. In traditional schools teachers can engage with their students and know their students well, but online teacher can only know if this student turned in his or her homework. 　　这篇文章主要讨论的是传统学校的考试制度和网络上考试的迥异:请看上面的不同字体字部分:红色部分讨论了传统学校在考试时的做法，然后运用了转折关系but online teacher can only know if this student turned in his or her homework. 在这个段落里，对传统学校和网络学校在获得学历上进行了对比。 　　实例论证: 　　所有的独立作文都有实例论证，这个是比较好理解的。在这一点上，考生们要记得前面所说的段落的连贯性。同样，北京朗阁培训中心的专家给大家呈现一个2011年11月14日的综合写作机经的阅读部分节选，这个推荐的段落很好地给大家展示了实例论证的典范:这个阅读主要讲的是人类征服mars的艰难和障碍。 　　The zero-gravity environment of sPACe is detrimental to human body. Some of the more severe effects of prolonged weightlessness are muscle atrophy, or the loss of muscle tissue due to disuse, and the deterioration of the skeleton, which results in decreased strength and bone structure. During a 10-month journey, astronauts can expect to lose as much as half their strength due to lack of exercise. 　　大家可以看出，在中心论点列出后is detrimental to human body, 后面分别从这几个方面完全连贯的论证了这个段落: 　　prolonged weightlessness are muscle atrophy 　　the loss of muscle tissue 　　the deterioration of the skeleton, 　　lose as much as half their strength 　　综上所述，为了在考试中得到一个很令自己满意的分数，在独立作文方面首先要注意结构的准确:即统一性，渐进性和连贯性，而掌握了结构后，要根据不同的题目类型（选择型和概念判断型）并采用不同的论证方式:实例论证，实例论证结合不同对象对比论证和实例论证结合时间对比论证。
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